Correction: The potent human CAR activator CITCO is a non-genotoxic hepatic tumour-promoting agent in humanised constitutive androstane receptor mice but not in wild-type animals - Report - MDSpire

Correction: The potent human CAR activator CITCO is a non-genotoxic hepatic tumour-promoting agent in humanised constitutive androstane receptor mice but not in wild-type animals

  • By

  • C. J. Henderson

  • A. W. McLaren

  • A. K. MacLeod

  • D. Lin

  • A. R. Cameron

  • L. R. Chatham

  • J. Moggs

  • F. Inesta‑Vaquera

  • John P. Thomson

  • Richard R. Meehan

  • P. Chakravarty

  • M. Schwarz

  • C. Roland Wolf

  • June 27, 2026

  • 0 min

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Correction: The strong human CAR activator CITCO acts as a non-genotoxic promoter

Overview

This correction clarifies the reuse of an image in the article regarding the role of CITCO as a non-genotoxic promoter of liver tumors in humanized CAR mice.

Background

Understanding the mechanisms of liver carcinogenesis is crucial for evaluating chemical safety and human health risks. Non-genotoxic carcinogens, such as CITCO, can promote tumor development without causing direct DNA damage.

Data Highlights

No numerical data or trial results were presented in the correction notice.

Key Findings

  • The correction acknowledges the reuse of an image from a previous study without proper citation.
  • CITCO acts as a non-genotoxic promoter of liver tumors in humanized CAR mice.
  • The original findings regarding CITCO's effects remain unchanged despite the correction.
  • Non-genotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis are critical for understanding chemical safety.
  • Regulatory frameworks are evolving to incorporate mechanistic data in carcinogenicity assessments.

Clinical Implications

Understanding the role of non-genotoxic promoters like CITCO is essential for evaluating the carcinogenic risk of chemicals.

Conclusion

This correction serves to maintain the integrity of the scientific record without altering the study's conclusions regarding CITCO's role in liver tumor promotion.

Related Resources & Content

  1. McMahon et al., Molecular Pharmacology, 2019 -- LacZ expression in CYP2B-LacZ reporter mouse model
  2. Archives of Toxicology, 2025 -- CITCO, a strong activator of the human CAR
  3. Archives of Toxicology — Interactions Between β-Catenin Signaling and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor
  4. Archives of Toxicology — The use of cultured human hepatocytes as a test system to evaluate cell proliferation as a key event in nongenotoxic carcinogenesis
  5. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery — Pioglitazone Mitigates the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Two Animal Models of Liver Cirrhosis
  6. Implementation of International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) S1B(R1)
  7. Full article: The modes of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) are not relevant to human cancer risk: an updated critical evaluation
  8. The potent human CAR activator CITCO is a non-genotoxic hepatic tumour-promoting agent in humanised constitutive androstane receptor mice but not in wild-type animals | Archives of Toxicology | Springer Nature Link

Original Source(s)

Correction: The potent human CAR activator CITCO is a non-genotoxic hepatic tumour-promoting agent in humanised constitutive androstane receptor mice but not in wild-type animals

  • by C. J. Henderson, A. W. McLaren, A. K. MacLeod, D. Lin, A. R. Cameron, L. R. Chatham, J. Moggs, F. Inesta‑Vaquera, John P. Thomson, Richard R. Meehan, P. Chakravarty, M. Schwarz, C. Roland Wolf

  • June 27, 2026

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