Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes of Chronic Viral Hepatitis in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

Overview

This retrospective study assessed the epidemiology, liver enzyme associations, and treatment outcomes of chronic HBV and HCV infections in a tertiary care hospital in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia from 2019 to 2022. It highlights the ongoing burden of viral hepatitis despite vaccination and antiviral therapies, with regional data emphasizing the need for improved diagnosis and treatment adherence.

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections remain major global health threats due to their potential to cause severe liver disease and death. While HBV vaccination programs have reduced prevalence in Saudi Arabia, chronic infections still cause significant morbidity and mortality. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can cure most HCV infections, but access and early diagnosis remain challenges. Regional data, particularly from Al-Baha, are limited, necessitating studies to evaluate local disease burden and treatment outcomes.

Data Highlights

The study included all serologically and molecularly confirmed chronic HBV and HCV cases attending King Fahd Hospital, Al-Baha, between January 2019 and December 2022. Diagnostic assays used included ELISA for HBV markers and fourth-generation immunoassays for HCV antibodies, with viral loads quantified by real-time PCR. Liver function tests measured ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin levels. Treatment data were partially available, with incomplete follow-up viral load results for sustained virological response assessment.

Key Findings

• Chronic HBV and HCV infections persist in the Al-Baha region despite national vaccination and antiviral programs.
• HBV prevalence has declined but remains a significant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality.
• HCV affects approximately 0.7% of the Saudi population, with many untreated and at risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Liver enzyme abnormalities correlate with chronic viral hepatitis infection status and viral load levels.
• Data gaps exist in treatment adherence and follow-up, limiting comprehensive assessment of sustained virological response in routine clinical practice.
• Regional epidemiological data are critical for tailoring public health interventions and improving early diagnosis and treatment access.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should maintain vigilance for chronic HBV and HCV infections in regional populations like Al-Baha, recognizing that despite vaccination and antiviral availability, significant disease burden persists. Regular monitoring of liver enzymes and viral loads is essential for disease management. Efforts to improve patient follow-up and adherence to antiviral therapy will enhance treatment outcomes and reduce progression to advanced liver disease.

Conclusion

This study underscores the continuing challenge of chronic viral hepatitis in the Al-Baha region, highlighting the need for strengthened diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up strategies to mitigate liver disease burden. Regional data are vital to inform targeted healthcare policies and improve patient outcomes.

References

1. WHO 2021 -- Global Hepatitis Report
2. Saudi Ministry of Health 2017 -- National HBV Prevalence Data
3. Al-Baha University ERC 2022 -- Study Protocol Approval