Long-Term Prognosis and Influencing Factors Following Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty in Children with Isolated Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review

By
Mariana M. Pereira
Joana O. Miranda
July 9, 2026

Pediatric Cardiology

Overview

This comprehensive review evaluates long-term outcomes and risk factors following percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) in children with isolated valvular pulmonary stenosis. It highlights the prevalence of complications such as pulmonary valve restenosis and insufficiency.

Background

Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis is a significant congenital heart defect, accounting for 7.5% to 10% of all congenital heart diseases. BPV has become the preferred treatment since its introduction in 1982, yet long-term outcomes and complications remain inadequately characterized.

Data Highlights

No specific numerical data or trial data was provided in the source material.

Key Findings

BPV is the preferred treatment for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, replacing surgical valvotomy.
Long-term follow-up is defined as ≥ 5 years to capture clinically relevant outcomes.
Restenosis and moderate to severe pulmonary insufficiency are common late complications following BPV.
Risk factors for adverse outcomes include smaller annulus size and more severe baseline stenosis.
Prior reviews lacked systematic methodologies, limiting the reliability of long-term outcome assessments.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should be aware of the potential for long-term complications following BPV, particularly pulmonary valve restenosis and insufficiency.

Conclusion

This review aims to provide a clearer understanding of long-term outcomes following BPV and to identify risk factors that may influence these outcomes.