Bubble-test for detection of a patent foramen ovale in young to middle-aged ischemic stroke patients
By
Anna Bogdanova
Lena Mers
Alexander Sekita
Laura Besendorf
Ludwig Singer
Tobias Engelhorn
Caroline Merkel
Kosmas Macha
Arnd Doerfler
Stefan Schwab
Stefan T. Gerner
May 11, 2026
Clinical Report: Transcranial Doppler Bubble Test for Identifying PFO
Overview {'age_range': "Specify the age range for 'younger adults' as ≤65 years."}
Background {'cryptogenic_stroke_stats': 'Include the statistic that nearly 50% of cryptogenic strokes are associated with PFO.'}
Data Highlights {'formatting': 'Ensure proper markdown formatting for the data table.'}
Key Findings {'roc_analysis': 'Add a finding regarding the ROC-analysis and its implications for the bubble threshold.'}
Clinical Implications {'confirmatory_testing': 'Emphasize the importance of confirmatory testing after positive TCD-bubble results.'}
Conclusion {'further_studies': "Reiterate the need for further studies to validate the TCD-bubble test's effectiveness."}
Related Resources & Content
Pediatric Cardiology, Springer, 2024 -- Recent Advances in Understanding Patent Foramen Ovale in Pediatric Patients Frontiers in Neurology, 2026 -- PFO closure in ischemic stroke: insights from a single-center real-world cohort Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow Pulsatility Could Aid in Identifying Patients with Hydrocephalus, Springer, 2023 European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) after stroke, 2024 Frontiers, 2024 -- The diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler and contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography for right to left shunt in patent foramen ovale: a systematic review and meta-analysis conexiant — CT Perfusion Detects Tissue at Risk in Mild Stroke European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) after stroke - Valeria Caso, Guillaume Turc, Azmil H Abdul-Rahim, Pedro Castro, Salman Hussain, Avtar Lal, Heinrich Mattle, Eleni Korompoki, Lars Søndergaard, Danilo Toni, Silke Walter, Christian Pristipino, 2024 Frontiers | The diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler and contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography for right to left shunt in patent foramen ovale: a systematic review and meta-analysis Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke: A Review | Congenital Defects | JAMA | JAMA Network
