Frequency and Characteristics of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections in Pakistani Blood Donors
Overview
This study evaluates the prevalence and demographic distribution of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) among blood donors at a tertiary care facility in Pakistan. Findings reveal a significant burden of TTIs, particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV), with higher rates observed in replacement donors and specific age and gender groups.
Background
Blood transfusion is a vital clinical intervention but carries risks of transmitting infections such as HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis. Despite WHO recommendations for mandatory screening, TTIs remain a challenge in developing countries due to limited resources and low voluntary donation rates. Pakistan exhibits a high TTI prevalence, especially among replacement donors, underscoring the need for localized epidemiological data to improve transfusion safety and donor screening practices.
Data Highlights
Previous studies in Pakistan reported an overall TTI prevalence of 4.61% among 41,817 donations, with replacement donors showing a higher rate of 5.42%. Voluntary donations constitute only 10%–13% of total donations. Male donors represent approximately 80.1% of the donor population, with a median age of 23 years. HBV is the most common TTI, and individuals aged 40–49 years have a significantly higher risk of HBV infection (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.17–4.04; p = 0.013).
Key Findings
HBV is the predominant transfusion-transmitted infection among blood donors in Pakistan.
Replacement donors have a higher prevalence of TTIs compared to voluntary donors.
Male donors constitute the majority of the donor pool, with young adults being the most common age group.
Older donors (40–49 years) show increased susceptibility to HBV infection.
Low participation of female donors is noted, with HIV more prevalent among females aged 35 and above.
Systemic limitations and low public awareness contribute to ongoing TTI risks despite screening protocols.
Clinical Implications
Healthcare providers should prioritize strengthening donor screening programs, especially targeting replacement donors who carry higher infection risks. Increasing voluntary blood donation and enhancing public awareness are critical to reducing TTI prevalence. Tailored interventions focusing on high-risk demographic groups can improve transfusion safety in resource-limited settings.
Conclusion
The study highlights a substantial burden of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for improved screening, increased voluntary donations, and targeted public health strategies to enhance transfusion safety.
References
WHO 2020 -- Guidelines on Blood Transfusion Safety
SHOT 2020 -- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Report
Pakistan Blood Safety Study 2021 -- Prevalence of TTIs in Blood Donors
