Global and Regional Burden of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Trends and Projections to 2035

Overview

The global burden of PCOS has been increasing from 1990 to 2021, with the highest onset in adolescents aged 10–19 and the greatest number of cases in women aged 15–49. Countries with higher socio-demographic indices (SDI) experience a heavier burden but better control growth trends, while low SDI countries face persistent inequalities and underdiagnosis. Projections indicate that the burden will continue to rise through 2035.

Background

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstruation and hyperandrogenism. It is a leading cause of female infertility and is associated with metabolic and psychological comorbidities, increasing healthcare costs substantially. Diagnosis is complex and often delayed, especially in low SDI regions, leading to underestimation of its true burden. Understanding global epidemiological trends and socio-economic disparities is critical for effective resource allocation and improving women's health worldwide.

Data Highlights

Key Findings

• The global burden of PCOS is increasing, driven by population growth and epidemiological changes.
• Onset of PCOS is most common in adolescents aged 10–19, with the highest number of cases and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in women aged 15–49.
• Higher SDI countries bear a heavier PCOS burden but have better control over its growth trends compared to low SDI countries.
• Significant inequalities exist between countries, with underdiagnosis particularly prevalent in low SDI regions due to limited resources and diagnostic challenges.
• By 2035, the burden of PCOS is projected to continue rising globally, necessitating enhanced public health strategies.
• PCOS is associated with increased risks of infertility, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and mental health issues, contributing to substantial economic and healthcare system burdens.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should be aware of the increasing prevalence of PCOS, especially in adolescent and reproductive-age women, and consider early screening and diagnosis to mitigate long-term complications. Enhanced awareness and standardized diagnostic criteria are crucial, particularly in low SDI regions, to reduce underdiagnosis and improve patient outcomes. Public health policies must prioritize resource allocation to address the growing burden and associated comorbidities of PCOS globally.

Conclusion

The global burden of PCOS is rising with marked regional disparities influenced by socio-economic factors. Addressing diagnostic challenges and inequalities is essential to improve health outcomes and manage the increasing impact of PCOS worldwide.

References

1. GBD 2021 Study -- Assessment of the Global, Regional, and National Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome