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Guidelines for Tailored Bacteriophage Therapy Based on Expert Consensus

  • By

  • Silvia Würstle

  • Simone C. Lieberknecht-Jouy

  • Anja Düchting

  • Holger Lößner

  • Pieter-Jan Ceyssens

  • Jean-Paul Pirnay

  • Mathieu de Jode

  • Shawna McCallin

  • Lorenz Leitner

  • Christian Willy

  • Sebastian Leptihn

  • Imke Korf

  • Evgeny A. Idelevich

  • Martin Witzenrath

  • Timo Faltus

  • Peter Ruth

  • Henning Blume

  • Manuel Cornely

  • Helmut Fickenscher

  • Mathias W. Pletz

  • Sylvia Hafkemeyer

  • Christine Rohde

  • Oleg Krut

  • Wolfgang Beyer

  • Oliver Hartwich

  • Ulrich Matt

  • Rebecca L. Knoll

  • Münevver Demir

  • Jens Hammerl

  • Stefanie Barbirz

  • Mirjam Stahl

  • Renate Krüger

  • Joachim Bugert

  • Melanie Kempe

  • Paul E. Turner

  • Benjamin Chan

  • Tristan Ferry

  • Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild

  • Annika Y. Classen

  • September 21, 2026

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Clinical Report: Guidelines for Tailored Bacteriophage Therapy Based on Expert Consensus

Background

The rise of antimicrobial resistance has prompted interest in bacteriophage therapy as a treatment for bacterial infections. The adoption of personalized phage therapy is hindered by a lack of clear, harmonized guidance. This guideline seeks to offer structured recommendations for safe and effective phage therapy.

Data Highlights

No numerical data or trial results were provided in the source material.

Key Findings

  • The guideline offers over 60 practice-oriented recommendations for phage therapy.
  • Recommendations cover phage preparation, quality control, and clinical administration.
  • Consensus was achieved through a structured process involving multiple medical societies and patient representatives.
  • The guideline is valid from January 5, 2026, to June 29, 2030.
  • Strong consensus (>95%) was achieved for many recommendations.

Clinical Implications

These guidelines provide a structured framework for the integration of phage therapy into clinical practice.

Conclusion

The consensus-based guidelines for bacteriophage therapy represent a step toward addressing challenges in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Related Resources & Content

  1. Nature Medicine, 2026 -- A consensus-based guideline for personalized bacteriophage therapy
  2. the medicine maker — The Post-Antibiotic Phage
  3. Frontiers in Immunology — Innate immune recognition and immunomodulatory effects of bacteriophages: implications for phage therapy
  4. The Journal of Infectious Diseases — Utilizing Virulent Bacteriophages to Manage Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli While Preventing Toxin Production
  5. the pathologist — Bacteriophage Boost for TB Management
  6. Quality aspects of phage therapy medicinal products | European Medicines Agency (EMA)
  7. Phage therapy: from basic biology to clinical application | Nature Reviews Microbiology
  8. A consensus-based guideline for personalized bacteriophage therapy | Nature Medicine
  9. Phage therapy with nebulized cocktail BX004-A for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis: a randomized first-in-human trial | Nature Communications
  10. Bacteriophage therapy in musculoskeletal infections: a systematic review | European Journal of Medical Research | Springer Nature Link
  11. Cross-reactive anti-prophage antibodies and bacterial heteroresistance implicated in phage therapeutic failure | Nature Medicine
  12. UCSF Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection Trial → Phage for CF Subjects With Pseudomonas Lung Infection

Original Source(s)

A consensus-based guideline for personalized bacteriophage therapy

  • by Silvia Würstle, Simone C. Lieberknecht-Jouy, Anja Düchting, Holger Lößner, Pieter-Jan Ceyssens, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Mathieu de Jode, Shawna McCallin, Lorenz Leitner, Christian Willy, Sebastian Leptihn, Imke Korf, Evgeny A. Idelevich, Martin Witzenrath, Timo Faltus, Peter Ruth, Henning Blume, Manuel Cornely, Helmut Fickenscher, Mathias W. Pletz, Sylvia Hafkemeyer, Christine Rohde, Oleg Krut, Wolfgang Beyer, Oliver Hartwich, Ulrich Matt, Rebecca L. Knoll, Münevver Demir, Jens Hammerl, Stefanie Barbirz, Mirjam Stahl, Renate Krüger, Joachim Bugert, Melanie Kempe, Paul E. Turner, Benjamin Chan, Tristan Ferry, Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, Annika Y. Classen

  • September 21, 2026

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