The Long-Term Sequelae and Clinical Workload Resulting from Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy in Patients with Cancer
By
Veera Nurmela
Anni Juntunen
Satu Tiainen
Janne Martikainen
Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
Aino Rönkä
June 23, 2026
Clinical Scorecard: Long-Term Effects and Clinical Burden Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicities in Cancer Patients
At a Glance
Category Detail
Condition Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) Key Mechanisms Induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during cancer therapy. Target Population Cancer patients treated with ICIs. Care Setting Oncology outpatient and inpatient settings.
Key Highlights
61% of patients with irAEs experienced chronic toxicity lasting over 12 weeks. 43% of irAEs required corticosteroid treatment, with 49% undergoing prolonged therapy. Management of irAEs necessitated an average of 5.3 contacts with a medical oncologist per irAE. Chronic irAEs often lead to irreversible organ damage. Corticosteroid therapy is critical for managing severe irAEs. Guideline-Based Recommendations
Diagnosis
irAEs should be defined as toxicities occurring after ICI therapy initiation, excluding differential diagnoses. Management
High-dose corticosteroid therapy is recommended for severe or symptomatic irAEs. Monitoring & Follow-up
Patients should be monitored for corticosteroid-related complications such as osteoporosis and hyperglycemia. Risks
Prolonged corticosteroid therapy increases the risk of steroid-related adverse events. Patient & Prescribing Data
Patients receiving ICIs for metastatic and adjuvant cancer treatment.
Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of irAE management, with a need for careful tapering.
Clinical Best Practices
Prompt initiation of corticosteroid therapy for severe irAEs. Regular follow-up to assess the resolution of irAEs and adjust treatment accordingly. Involvement of multiple medical specialties may be necessary for comprehensive irAE management. Related Resources & Content
