Sex Disparities May Persist in CF Despite Modulators
Review findings suggested female patients with cystic fibrosis may continue to experience worse pulmonary outcomes despite highly effective modulator therapy
By
Andrea Surnit
May 22, 2026
Clinical Scorecard: Sex Disparities May Persist in CF Despite Modulators
At a Glance
Category Detail
Condition Key Mechanisms Sex disparities in pulmonary morbidity and mortality, influenced by hormonal factors and genetic expression. Target Population Care Setting
Key Highlights
Female patients experience worse pulmonary morbidity and earlier mortality despite modulator therapy. Estrogen may contribute to airway dehydration and impaired mucociliary clearance. Pregnancy and menopause are significant hormonal states affecting cystic fibrosis outcomes. CFRD prevalence is higher in female patients compared to male patients. HEMT has improved outcomes but sex disparities in treatment response persist. Guideline-Based Recommendations
Diagnosis
Monitor pulmonary function and exacerbation rates in female patients. Management
Consider hormonal influences when managing cystic fibrosis in female patients. Monitoring & Follow-up
Evaluate the impact of hormonal fluctuations on pulmonary outcomes. Risks
Female patients may have higher rates of pulmonary exacerbations and CFRD. Patient & Prescribing Data
Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor improves lung function but shows greater benefits in male patients.
Clinical Best Practices
Assess the role of estrogen in airway biology and immune signaling. Evaluate the effects of pregnancy and menopause on cystic fibrosis management. Monitor for persistent airway pathogens and inflammation post-treatment. Related Resources & Content
