The immune system of preterm infants: an overview
By
Mirjam J. Esser
Sanne J. C. M. Claassen
Melania P. Ebrahimi
Stan Berkers
Tim G. A. M. Wolfs
Magdalena A. Berkowska
Gertjan J. A. Driessen
Else M. Bijker
June 5, 2026
Clinical Scorecard: Understanding the Immune System in Preterm Infants: A Comprehensive Review
At a Glance
Category Detail
Condition Immune system immaturity in preterm infants Key Mechanisms Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, reduced antibody levels, diminished vaccine responses Target Population Preterm infants (<37 weeks gestation) Care Setting Neonatal care
Key Highlights
Preterm infants exhibit significant immune system immaturity compared to term infants. Both innate and adaptive immune cells show phenotypic and functional impairments. Reduced antibody levels and immunogenicity of vaccines contribute to infection risk. Rapid maturation of the immune system occurs during the first year of life. Understanding immune immaturity is crucial for improving health outcomes in preterm infants. Guideline-Based Recommendations
Diagnosis
Assess immune function and infection risk in preterm infants. Management
Implement integrated strategies to enhance immune responses and vaccination outcomes. Monitoring & Follow-up
Monitor for infection-related morbidity and vaccination responses in preterm infants. Risks
Increased infection risk due to immune immaturity and reduced maternal antibody protection. Patient & Prescribing Data
Preterm infants at risk for infections and poor vaccine responses.
Focus on supportive care and monitoring for infections, along with timely vaccinations.
Clinical Best Practices
Recognize the importance of maternal antibodies in preterm infants. Consider individualized vaccination schedules based on immune maturity. Utilize infection prevention strategies in neonatal care. Related Resources & Content
