Comprehensive analysis of the TGF-β signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms, disease drivers, and frontiers in clinical translation
By
Yiting Zhang
Haixia Tang
Ze Zhou
Jiabao Liao
Xiaoyu Zhou
Xin Chu
Mengqiu Shao
Caiyan Zhang
Lijuan Jiang
June 4, 2026
Clinical Scorecard: In-depth Exploration of TGF-β Signaling Pathway: Molecular Mechanisms, Disease Implications, and Advances in Clinical Application
At a Glance
Category Detail
Condition TGF-β signaling pathway dysregulation Key Mechanisms Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways regulating immune cell differentiation and function Target Population Patients with immune-related diseases, fibrosis, and tumors Care Setting Clinical and research settings focusing on immune modulation and therapeutic interventions
Key Highlights
TGF-β maintains immune tolerance and regulates T-cell fate determination. Aberrant TGF-β signaling drives fibrosis and tumor immune evasion. Innovative technologies have revealed dynamic characteristics of TGF-β signaling. Therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β show potential but face challenges. TGF-β's role is context-dependent, varying by disease stage and microenvironment. Guideline-Based Recommendations
Diagnosis
Assess TGF-β signaling pathway activity in immune-related diseases. Management
Consider therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β, including receptor kinase inhibitors and bispecific antibodies. Monitoring & Follow-up
Monitor for toxicity and side effects associated with TGF-β-targeted therapies. Risks
Potential for adverse effects due to TGF-β's role in immune modulation and fibrosis. Patient & Prescribing Data
Individuals with conditions related to TGF-β dysregulation, such as fibrosis and cancer.
Targeted therapies may require patient stratification based on disease stage and microenvironment.
Clinical Best Practices
Utilize single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics for understanding TGF-β signaling. Implement combination therapies to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. Focus on precise nanodelivery systems for targeted TGF-β interventions. Related Resources & Content
