Clinical Scorecard: Link Between CTLA-4 Genetic Variants and Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes in Kurdish Individuals

At a Glance

Key Highlights

• Significant association of the A>G (rs231775) variant with T1D susceptibility.
• G allele frequency was higher in T1D patients (36.5%, P = 0.0188).
• GG genotype of the +49A/G polymorphism showed a trend towards increased anti-GAD positivity.
• The -318 C/T polymorphism did not show significant differences between groups.
• CTLA-4 mRNA expression was non-significantly elevated in T1D patients.

Guideline-Based Recommendations

Diagnosis

• Diagnosis of T1D established according to ISPAD recommendations.

Management

• Patients receiving insulin therapy with a twice-daily premixed insulin regimen.

Monitoring & Follow-up

• Assessment of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and C-peptide levels.

Risks

• Increased susceptibility to T1D associated with specific CTLA-4 genetic variants.

Patient & Prescribing Data

52 patients diagnosed with T1D (28 males, 24 females).

All patients had a disease duration of more than one year and were receiving insulin therapy.

Clinical Best Practices

• Systematic collection of blood samples during morning fasting for baseline expression analysis.
• Documentation of demographic data and clinical parameters using structured questionnaires.

Related Resources & Content

• International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD)