Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Insomnia: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Phenotype-Specific Applications of Physical Factor Therapies

Category	Detail
Condition	Insomnia
Key Mechanisms	Hyperarousal, circadian entrainment, thermoregulatory promotion of sleep, autonomic balance restoration
Target Population	Adults with insomnia symptoms or diagnosed insomnia disorder
Care Setting	Clinical and home-based settings for non-pharmacological interventions

Physical factor therapies include auditory stimulation, phototherapy, thermotherapy, electrical stimulation, and magnetic stimulation.
Insomnia affects approximately 10-15% of adults, with higher prevalence in women and older adults.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the first-line treatment, while pharmacotherapy is reserved for short-term use.
Current evidence for physical factor therapies is heterogeneous and preliminary.
Future research should focus on larger trials and standardized protocols.

Insomnia is diagnosed based on symptoms occurring at least three times per week for a minimum of three months.

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is recommended as the first-line treatment.

Adults experiencing insomnia symptoms or diagnosed insomnia disorder.

Non-pharmacological interventions may serve as adjunctive options for selected insomnia phenotypes.

Consider non-pharmacological approaches for patients with insomnia to mitigate risks associated with long-term medication use.
Utilize evidence-based therapies tailored to individual patient needs and insomnia phenotypes.