Factors associated with cognitive developmental delay risk in 12-month-old infants
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By
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Yanping Zhang
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Wei Li
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Xiaochun He
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Xiu Wang
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Haoyue Gao
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Jing Zeng
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June 22, 2026
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Clinical Scorecard: Identifying Risk Factors for Cognitive Developmental Delays in Infants at 12 Months of Age
At a Glance
| Category | Detail |
|---|
| Condition | Cognitive Developmental Delays in Infants |
| Key Mechanisms | Perinatal, familial, and caregiving factors influencing cognitive development. |
| Target Population | Infants aged 12 months. |
| Care Setting | Child Health Outpatient Department |
Key Highlights
- Cesarean delivery increases risk (OR = 1.42).
- Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy significantly raises risk (OR = 9.12).
- Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity are associated with higher risk (OR = 1.62 and OR = 2.54, respectively).
- Inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain are linked to increased risk (OR = 4.09 and OR = 1.59, respectively).
- Higher paternal education and income are protective factors.
Guideline-Based Recommendations
Diagnosis
- Use the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) for assessing cognitive development.
Management
- Implement early risk screening and intervention strategies based on identified risk factors.
Monitoring & Follow-up
- Regularly assess developmental milestones in infants at 12 months.
Risks
- Monitor for risks associated with cesarean delivery, maternal health, and caregiving arrangements.
Patient & Prescribing Data
Infants at 12 months of age.
Focus on modifying perinatal and caregiving factors to reduce developmental risks.
Clinical Best Practices
- Conduct comprehensive assessments of maternal health and caregiving environments.
- Encourage healthy maternal weight management before and during pregnancy.
- Promote awareness of the impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure.
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