To synthesize current evidence regarding conventional freehand and technology-assisted external ventricular drain (EVD) placement, specifically ultrasound, electromagnetic navigation, and augmented reality, and to discuss their impact on accuracy, safety, and workflow.
Key Findings:
Guided techniques improve catheter placement accuracy and first-pass success compared to freehand methods.
Electromagnetic navigation shows consistent performance across different settings.
Augmented reality platforms offer potential advantages in portability and ease of integration.
Interpretation:
The integration of guidance technologies in EVD placement can enhance procedural precision and patient safety. This addresses the limitations of conventional freehand techniques.
Limitations:
Inconsistent adoption of guided techniques due to resource differences, training requirements, and institutional support.
Initial setup time for image-guided systems may delay procedures, impacting workflow.
Conclusion:
Continued efforts toward procedural standardization and validation of guided techniques are essential for advancing patient safety and reducing variability in ventriculostomy practices. Ongoing research is needed to explore the full potential of these technologies.
