To systematically review clinical evidence on postoperative changes in GLP-1 and GIP after PD, along with co-reported hormonal and metabolic outcomes, and to perform an exploratory meta-analysis where applicable.
Key Findings:
Postprandial GLP-1 generally increased after PD or was higher with faster gastric emptying.
GIP showed attenuation or no consistent enhancement and was reported in fewer studies.
Endocrine adaptation after PD is heterogeneous and not uniformly beneficial despite increased GLP-1.
Interpretation:
Evidence indicates an increase in postprandial GLP-1 signaling after PD, while evidence for GIP remains less consistent.
Limitations:
Only six studies with 134 participants met eligibility criteria, limiting the robustness of findings.
The meta-analytic component is exploratory and should be regarded as hypothesis-generating only.
Conclusion:
Further investigation into incretin hormone changes after PD is warranted through larger prospective studies with standardized protocols.
