To explore the potential of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for continuous and minimally invasive monitoring of cardiovascular biomarkers.
Approach:
Technological Advances: Discussion of engineering advances in microneedle arrays, hydrogel implants, and electrokinetic extraction methods for ISF sampling.
Biosensing Platforms: Evaluation of state-of-the-art biosensing platforms including enzymatic electrochemical sensors and aptamer- and antibody-based systems.
Cardiovascular Biomarkers: Examination of key cardiovascular biomarkers such as troponin, natriuretic peptides, CRP, and microRNAs.
Key Findings:
ISF offers a promising alternative to venous blood sampling for continuous biomarker monitoring.
Early studies demonstrate proof-of-concept for ISF-based detection of several cardiac biomarkers, but clinical translation remains limited.
Continuous monitoring could enable earlier detection and personalized risk stratification, but challenges exist.
Interpretation:
While continuous ISF monitoring could transform cardiovascular care, clinical translation is currently limited and faces challenges in workflow integration, data interpretation, and regulatory oversight.
Limitations:
Current studies are primarily in the proof-of-concept stage.
No clinical studies have evaluated continuous subcutaneous monitoring of cardiac biomarkers in human subjects.
Conclusion:
Transitioning from episodic blood sampling to continuous dermal monitoring has the potential to redefine cardiovascular care.
