To evaluate the global prevalence of long COVID, its subtypes and symptoms, and assess the effects of risk factors for long COVID.
Key Findings:
Global pooled long COVID prevalence is 36% (95% CI, 33%-40%).
Highest prevalence observed in South America at 51% (95% CI, 35%-66%).
Prevalence at <1 year follow-up is 35% (95% CI, 31%-39%) and 46% (95% CI, 37%-57%) at 1-2 years.
Most prevalent subtypes: respiratory (20% [95% CI, 14%-28%]), general fatigue (20% [95% CI, 18%-23%]), psychological (18% [95% CI, 11%-28%]), and neurological (16% [95% CI, 8%-30%]).
Strongest risk factors: unvaccinated status (OR 2.09 [95% CI, 1.55–2.81]), pre-Omicron infections (OR 1.74 [95% CI, 1.40–2.17]), and female sex (OR 1.56 [95% CI, 1.32–1.84]).
Interpretation:
Long COVID is a significant global health issue post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, with varying prevalence across regions and populations, necessitating further research on specific populations and risk factors.
Limitations:
Heterogeneity of estimates across populations.
Variability in definitions and measures of long COVID across studies.
Potential biases in included studies, which may affect the reliability of the findings.
Conclusion:
Long COVID remains a prevalent condition with diverse symptoms and risk factors, highlighting the need for consistent follow-up studies and targeted research in specific areas.
