To discuss biomarkers for glioblastoma (GBM) responsiveness and resistance to immunotherapy, emphasizing the urgent need for biomarker discovery and standardization in clinical trials.
Key Findings:
GBM is resistant to various immunotherapies, with inconsistent results from mechanistically-driven single biomarkers.
New context-dependent biomarker signals, such as interferon signaling and immune cell population studies, show promise in predicting responses to immunotherapy.
Advancements in machine learning and liquid biopsy are aiding in the development of nuanced biomarker signatures.
Interpretation:
The absence of validated biomarkers is a significant barrier to predicting immunotherapy response in GBM, which directly impacts patient outcomes, highlighting the urgent need for biomarker discovery and standardization in clinical trials.
Limitations:
Most candidate biomarkers exist in isolation and lack systematic validation, which complicates their clinical utility.
The clinical utility of many biomarkers remains uncertain due to variability in study results, affecting their adoption in practice.
Conclusion:
There is a critical need for the early implementation and uniformity of biomarker-driven endpoints in clinical trials to enhance the precision of immunotherapy for GBM patients, necessitating systematic validation.
Evidence provided by a Roswell Park study indicates that neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be the preferred course of treatment for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) when their disease progresses and they are diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)
