To evaluate the impact and challenges of the 988 crisis hotline as it enters its fourth year of operation, including demand trends and funding issues.
Approach:
Crisis Hotline Overview: The 988 crisis hotline connects users to over 200 local and state-funded crisis call centers for counseling and resources, addressing rising suicide rates and substance use challenges.
Demand Analysis: As of March 2026, demand for 988 has risen significantly, with a 15% increase in contacts compared to the previous year and nearly 50% higher than two years ago.
Funding Challenges: Many states face funding challenges, with few adopting dedicated telecom fees to support 988 services, leading to reliance on varying funding mechanisms.
Outcome Data: Research indicates a modest decline in suicide deaths, particularly among non-firearm suicides, and improved outcomes for certain populations since the launch of 988.
Key Findings:
988 received 23.3 million contacts since its launch, including 15.8 million calls, 4.2 million texts, and 3.4 million chats.
26 states now answer at least 90% of calls in-state, up from 8 states before 988's launch.
Suicide deaths declined modestly in 2024, particularly among non-firearm suicides, while firearm suicides have risen.
Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts decreased by about 7% in 2025 compared to 2021.
Interpretation:
While 988 has improved access to crisis services and shown some positive outcomes, sustaining its capacity and funding remains a concern.
Limitations:
Uneven funding across states may affect call center operations and staffing, with many call centers reporting staffing shortages.
Limited participation in the 988 network by hotline call centers, with fewer than half of all hotline call centers participating.
Conclusion:
988 has reached more individuals and shows early signs of improving suicide-related outcomes, but ongoing challenges in funding and capacity may hinder its effectiveness.
