To discuss emerging innovations in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) aimed at overcoming barriers to safety and efficacy in treating osteosarcoma.
Key Findings:
Osteosarcoma presents challenges such as antigen heterogeneity, on-target/off-tumor toxicity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Current ACT strategies include CAR-T cells, TCR engineered T cells, CAR-NK cells, and macrophage-based therapies.
Next-generation ACT for osteosarcoma will likely require modular, biomarker-guided combinations.
Interpretation:
The review emphasizes the need for innovative approaches to enhance the effectiveness and safety of ACT in osteosarcoma treatment.
Limitations:
Limited clinical translation of ACT due to antigen heterogeneity and potential toxicity.
Challenges in achieving effective tumor trafficking and persistence of infused cells.
Conclusion:
Next-generation ACT strategies must integrate cellular engineering, vaccination, and microenvironmental remodeling for improved outcomes in osteosarcoma.
