Objective:

To analyze differences in TNF-α levels and brain volume (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and lateral ventricles) in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls.

Key Findings:

• TNF-α levels were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients (3.35 pg/dl) compared to controls (16.90 pg/dl).
• No significant differences in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume between groups.
• Lateral ventricle volume was significantly larger in schizophrenia patients.
• Weak negative correlation between TNF-α and prefrontal cortex volume in the schizophrenia group.

Interpretation:

Low TNF-α levels in schizophrenia suggest complex immune dysfunction, potentially influenced by medication or disease phase. Consistent ventricular enlargement aligns with previous findings, while the specific correlation with prefrontal cortex volume indicates a unique interaction between inflammation and brain morphology in schizophrenia.

Limitations:

• Small sample size may limit generalizability.
• Cross-sectional design restricts causal inferences.
• Potential confounding factors not fully controlled.

Conclusion:

The study supports TNF-α dysregulation in schizophrenia, with notable lateral ventricular enlargement and subtle changes in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volumes. The negative correlation between TNF-α and prefrontal cortex volume suggests inflammation's role in the pathology of this brain region.