Objective:

To develop a prognostic nomogram for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and liver metastases using data from the SEER database (2010-2021).

Approach:

Key Findings:

• C-indices for the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts were 0.760, 0.740, and 0.787, respectively.
• 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUCs were 0.777, 0.757, and 0.764 (training); 0.755, 0.769, and 0.754 (internal validation); and 0.727, 0.752, and 0.801 (external validation).
• Calibration curves indicated good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes, and DCA confirmed the clinical utility of the model.

Interpretation:

Limitations:

• The study relies on retrospective data from the SEER database, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
• Independent external validation was conducted but the external cohort was geographically and institutionally distinct.

Conclusion:

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