To examine whether current diagnostic frameworks systematically underestimate bipolar spectrum phenomena, which may limit diagnostic sensitivity and clinical understanding.
Key Findings:
Bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSD) are substantially underdiagnosed, which may hinder effective treatment.
Prevalence may exceed traditional estimates, with a suggested range of 15-20%.
Conditions like BPD, ADHD, or anxiety may overlap with bipolar spectrum presentations, complicating diagnosis.
The continued use of BPD as a diagnostic category is questioned due to poor construct validity.
Interpretation:
Reconceptualizing bipolar disorder as a spectrum within a longitudinal model is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes, potentially transforming clinical practice.
Limitations:
Prevalence estimates are exploratory and conceptual, not definitive.
Variability in diagnostic definitions and study designs contributes to heterogeneity in reported rates.
The review is not exhaustive and includes contrasting perspectives.
Potential biases in the studies reviewed may affect the findings.
Conclusion:
A spectrum model for bipolar disorder could enhance understanding and treatment, pending empirical validation to ensure its effectiveness.
