Objective:

To explore how spatial omics technologies can enhance the understanding of acupuncture biology by analyzing the spatial molecular architecture of acupoints and the systemic regulatory networks involved, thereby addressing the limitations of conventional non-spatial omics approaches.

Approach:

• Overview of Acupuncture: The review discusses the historical context of acupuncture, its therapeutic principles, and the challenges in understanding its mechanisms due to conventional non-spatial omics approaches, emphasizing the need for innovative methodologies.
• Introduction to Spatial Omics: Spatial omics integrates various omics technologies with spatial information, allowing for detailed analysis of biomolecular functions and interactions within their native environments, which is crucial for understanding complex therapies like acupuncture.
• Acupoint Characteristics: The review details the spatial and anatomical properties of acupoints, their connections to internal organs, and the theoretical framework of meridians in Traditional Chinese Medicine, highlighting their significance in therapeutic practices.
• Potential Applications: It highlights the potential of spatial omics to elucidate the spatial basis of acupuncture’s therapeutic effects and improve understanding of its mechanisms, which could lead to more effective treatment strategies.

Key Findings:

• Acupoints are anatomically specific locations with unique connections to corresponding internal organs, which may influence therapeutic outcomes.
• Meridians are believed to regulate systemic functions and integrate the body as a whole, providing a framework for understanding acupuncture's effects.
• Clinical efficacy of acupuncture varies significantly, influenced by spatial and anatomical characteristics, necessitating further investigation.
• Micro-spatial biological variations within acupoint environments contribute to therapeutic outcome heterogeneity, underscoring the complexity of acupuncture mechanisms.

Interpretation:

Spatial omics technologies could provide insights into the molecular and spatial dynamics involved in acupuncture, potentially bridging the gap between empirical practice and mechanistic understanding.

Limitations:

• Current technical and analytical challenges in spatial omics, such as data integration and interpretation, need to be addressed to fully harness its potential in acupuncture research.

Conclusion:

The integration of spatial omics into acupuncture research may provide deeper insights into its biological mechanisms and therapeutic effects, contingent upon overcoming existing challenges.