To evaluate longitudinal changes in functional status, health status, and biomarker levels preceding different modes of death in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction.
Key Findings:
In the 6 months preceding sudden death, NYHA class worsened slightly, symptom scores declined, and natriuretic peptide levels increased.
Patients who remained alive showed improvement across all measures.
Patients with heart failure-related death exhibited greater declines in functional status and higher NT-proBNP levels compared to those who died suddenly.
Sudden death accounts for 25% to 30% of deaths in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Interpretation:
The observed trajectories of worsening functional status and increasing natriuretic peptide levels before sudden death are nonspecific, limiting their clinical actionability for preventive strategies.
Limitations:
Post hoc design may introduce bias.
Potential misclassification of deaths.
Limited measurement of NT-proBNP levels.
Estimates provided at the population level rather than individual level.
Conclusion:
These trajectories may indicate heightened vulnerability to death, aiding in identifying patients at increased overall risk rather than guiding specific preventive strategies for sudden death.
