Data mining and clinical observational study on the association between smoking and premature ovarian insufficiency

To investigate the association between smoking and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).

Six cigarette smoke components (nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, NNK, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, and cotinine) were associated with POI-related ovarian dysfunction.
Higher urinary cotinine levels correlated with increased POI prevalence and elevated odds risk, particularly above the median.
Cotinine showed weak positive associations with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), but no significant initial association with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
Logistic regression indicated moderate predictive value for POI, persisting after multivariable adjustment.

Urinary cotinine levels correlated with POI risk and ovarian reserve markers.

The study is observational and exploratory, raising hypotheses rather than establishing causality.
Findings may be influenced by the artificial inflation of network centrality due to more extensively studied compounds.

The results indicate the need for further research regarding smoking and ovarian dysfunction.