Objective:

To evaluate the correlations of prolonged exposure to air pollution with the incidence of overall cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), heart disease, and stroke among individuals with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 0–3.

Approach:

Key Findings:

• Among 7400 individuals, 1611 (21.8%) experienced CVD events during a 7-year follow-up, including 1212 heart disease cases and 551 strokes.
• Each 10-μg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 was associated with increased risks of CVD: 14.8%, 9.6%, 6.8%, and 12.4% respectively.
• Ozone (O3) exposure did not show a significant association with CVD.
• Educational attainment modified the relationship between air pollution and CVD risk, with lower education levels linked to greater risk.
• Metabolic syndrome partially mediated the relationship between air pollution exposure and CVD.

Interpretation:

Prolonged exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 is linked to increased risk of new-onset CVD among middle-aged and older adults with CKM syndrome stages 0–3.

Limitations:

• The study is observational and cannot establish causation.
• Potential confounding factors may not have been fully accounted for.

Conclusion:

The findings indicate an association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease incidence in individuals with CKM syndrome.

Sources:

• China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
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