To characterize the prognostic implications of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome in a large UK population.
Key Findings:
CKM Stages 2–4 are associated with increased hazards of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Mortality risk increases with CKM stage, with greater relative risks observed in females but larger absolute risks in males.
Stage 1 CKM was not significantly associated with increased mortality risk compared to Stage 0.
Interpretation:
CKM syndrome is prevalent in the UK Biobank cohort, with higher stages correlating with mortality risk, emphasizing the need for early intervention in metabolic risk factors.
Limitations:
The study population is largely composed of healthy volunteers of White ethnicity, limiting generalizability.
Challenges in fully implementing CKM syndrome classification may affect its utility in routine clinical settings.
Conceptual classifications may not enhance risk stratification beyond traditional methods.
Conclusion:
CKM syndrome stages 2 and above are strongly linked to mortality, highlighting the importance of addressing metabolic health in disease prevention strategies.
by Kaitlin J Mayne, Heather Walker, Benjamin M P Elyan, Patrick B Mark, Paul Welsh, Ninian N Lang, Naveed A Sattar, Jill P Pell, Frederick K Ho, Jennifer S Lees
