To explore the role of gut microbiome alterations and microbial metabolites in the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Approach:
Literature Review: Integration of current evidence from human studies and experimental models to propose a mechanistic framework linking microbial metabolites to immune responses and neuropathology in MS.
Key Findings:
Alterations in gut microbiome composition are consistently observed in MS, linked to immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation.
Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, polyamines, and phytoestrogen metabolites, play a direct role in shaping immune responses and may influence disease progression.
Longitudinal studies suggest associations between microbial metabolite profiles and worsening disability in MS patients.
Microbial metabolism can be reshaped by disease-modifying therapies and dietary interventions, indicating potential therapeutic targets.
Interpretation:
The review highlights the importance of understanding the biological mechanisms through which the gut microbiome influences MS pathology.
Limitations:
Distinguishing causal microbial drivers from disease-associated changes remains a challenge.
Current research primarily focuses on microbial composition rather than functional mechanisms.
Conclusion:
A deeper understanding of gut microbiome alterations and their metabolites may facilitate the development of microbiome-informed precision therapies for MS.
