To summarize recent progress in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine technology, clinical performance, immunological mechanisms, and translational applications, with a focus on technological advancements and clinical implications.
Key Findings:
First-generation mRNA vaccines showed strong protection against symptomatic disease and severe outcomes.
Vaccine effectiveness declined against infection and mild disease with the emergence of variants, particularly Omicron.
Post-authorization surveillance indicates a favorable safety profile, with most adverse events being mild and self-limited.
Interpretation:
The review connects clinical performance with platform innovation and addresses challenges faced by current mRNA vaccines.
Limitations:
Waning protection against infection and immune escape by variants.
Limited mucosal immunity induction.
Heterogeneous responses in special populations.
Conclusion:
mRNA technology is defined as a modular platform whose clinical impact relies on aligning RNA architecture, delivery system, antigen design, and target population.
