To quantify the frequency, nature, and outcomes of workplace gender, racial, and LGBTQIA+ discrimination among US ophthalmologists and trainees.
Approach:
Study Design: A cross-sectional study conducted via online surveys from May 5 to July 22, 2022, involving 463 participants from 10 US-based ophthalmology organizations.
Participants: Respondents included 249 women (53.8%), 204 men (44.1%), and 10 who declined to state their gender, representing diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Data Analysis: Responses were analyzed for discrimination frequency based on gender, race, ethnicity, and LGBTQIA+ status, as well as consequences and sources of discrimination.
Key Findings:
41.9% of respondents reported experiencing workplace discrimination.
61.8% of women reported discrimination compared to 19.6% of men.
Pregnancy and maternity-related discrimination were reported by 25% and 11.1% of women, respectively.
92.9% of Black respondents experienced discrimination, followed by 50% of Asian respondents.
Common consequences included disrespect (34.1%), loss of employment opportunities (18.6%), and misrepresentation (14%).
Discrimination was associated with lower job satisfaction (3.9 vs. 4.3) and reduced achievement of career goals (3.9 vs. 4.3).
57.5% of trainees reported discrimination, with senior faculty being the most frequent source (38%).
Interpretation:
The findings highlight significant levels of discrimination in the ophthalmology field, particularly affecting women and minority groups, and suggest a need for targeted interventions.
Limitations:
The study is based on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias.
The sample may not be representative of all ophthalmologists in the US.
Conclusion:
Targeted interventions are needed to address discrimination in ophthalmology, and increased recognition of its prevalence can help advocate for policy changes.
