Objective:

To summarize the review of targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine in colorectal cancer (CRC) and explore their synergistic mechanisms and future development directions.

Approach:

• Review of Current Applications: Systematic summary of targeted immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, tumor vaccines) and nanomedicine (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles) in CRC.
• Analysis of Mechanisms: Exploration of the synergistic mechanisms between targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine in overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
• Clinical Challenges: Discussion of the clinical challenges faced in the application of these therapies in CRC.

Key Findings:

• The tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC is characterized by immunosuppressive cells such as Tregs, MDSCs, and TAMs, contributing to immune escape.
• Nanomedicine can enhance drug delivery and modulate the immune response, potentially reversing the immunosuppressive environment in CRC.
• Strategies using nanocarriers have been developed to target and reprogram immunosuppressive cells.

Interpretation:

The findings highlight the potential of combining nanomedicine with immunotherapy to improve treatment outcomes in CRC by addressing the challenges posed by the immunosuppressive TME.

Limitations:

• The review does not provide specific clinical trial data or outcomes related to the discussed therapies.
• Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and optimize the application of nanomedicine in CRC treatment.

Conclusion:

The integration of nanomedicine and targeted immunotherapy presents a potential avenue for enhancing treatment of colorectal cancer.