Objective:

To summarize recent advances in radiomics and spatial omics for characterizing the bladder cancer immune microenvironment and their applications in precision medicine.

Approach:

• Radiomics: Enables non-invasive quantification of tumor phenotypes through extraction of medical imaging features.
• Spatial Omics: Utilizes technologies like single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to analyze cellular and molecular components within the tumor microenvironment.

Key Findings:

• Bladder cancer has a heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment influencing disease progression and treatment response.
• Current assessment methods like tissue biopsies have limitations in capturing spatial heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of tumors.
• High-throughput technologies allow for detailed analysis of immune cell infiltration patterns and tumor microenvironment dynamics.
• Radiomics provides a non-invasive approach to assess tumor biology and immune status, but traditional imaging techniques have significant limitations.

Interpretation:

The integration of radiomics and spatial omics can enhance understanding of the bladder cancer immune microenvironment.

Limitations:

• Challenges in multi-omics data integration.
• Issues with model generalization and clinical translation.

Conclusion:

This review summarizes the advances in radiomics and spatial omics for characterizing the bladder cancer immune microenvironment.