Clinical Comparison of COVID Waves 2–5. An Inpatient Retrospective Comparative Analysis From Karachi, Pakistan - Summary - MDSpire

Clinical Comparison of COVID Waves 2–5. An Inpatient Retrospective Comparative Analysis From Karachi, Pakistan

  • By

  • Muneeba Ahsan Sayeed

  • Elisha Shalim

  • Shaiza Farman

  • Fizza Farooqui

  • Beenish Syed

  • Ishfaque Ahmed

  • Anika Iqbal

  • Aneel Kumar

  • Raniyah Akhter

  • Furkan Hyder

  • Hasan Ali Shah

  • Adeel Hussain

  • Sarwat Rasheed

  • Saba Afshan

  • Rizwana Salik Nukrich

  • Madiha Raza

  • Haseeb U Rehman

  • Abdul Razzaque Memon

  • Abdul Wahid Rajput

  • Muhammad Saeed Quraishy

  • February 7, 2025

  • 0 min

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Objective:

To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 waves 2 to 5 in hospitalized patients, highlighting the significance of these comparisons.

Key Findings:
  • Wave 2 had the highest discharge rate (81%) compared to mortality (P = .0001).
  • Cytokine release syndrome was most common in wave 3 (32.7%; P = .0001).
  • Severe COVID on admission was predominant in wave 4 (79.4%; P = .0001), with the highest intubation (27.1%; P = .0001) and septic shock rates (24.3%; P = .0001).
  • Wave 5 patients were mostly elderly (median age 68) with mild COVID (22.4%; P = .0001) and high comorbidity (84.6%; P = .0001).
  • Mortality was lowest in wave 2 (18.9%; P = .0001) and highest in wave 4 (42.5%; P = .0001).
Interpretation:

Each COVID-19 wave exhibited unique clinical characteristics, with wave 4 being the deadliest, influenced by the Delta variant, which contributed to increased severity and mortality.

Limitations:
  • Single-center study may limit generalizability and does not account for regional variations.
  • Retrospective design may introduce biases, including selection and recall bias.
Conclusion:

The study highlights the evolving clinical patterns and outcomes of COVID-19 across different waves, emphasizing the impact of variants and patient demographics, and suggesting the need for ongoing monitoring and adaptation of treatment strategies.

Original Source(s)

Clinical Comparison of COVID Waves 2–5. An Inpatient Retrospective Comparative Analysis From Karachi, Pakistan

  • by Muneeba Ahsan Sayeed, Elisha Shalim, Shaiza Farman, Fizza Farooqui, Beenish Syed, Ishfaque Ahmed, Anika Iqbal, Aneel Kumar, Raniyah Akhter, Furkan Hyder, Hasan Ali Shah, Adeel Hussain, Sarwat Rasheed, Saba Afshan, Rizwana Salik Nukrich, Madiha Raza, Haseeb U Rehman, Abdul Razzaque Memon, Abdul Wahid Rajput, Muhammad Saeed Quraishy

  • February 7, 2025

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