Objective:

To identify factors associated with the risk of cognitive developmental delay in 12-month-old infants and provide evidence for early risk screening and intervention.

Approach:

Key Findings:

• Cesarean delivery (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05–1.93), maternal alcohol use during pregnancy (OR = 9.12, 95% CI: 1.09–76.33), pre-pregnancy overweight (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02–2.58) and obesity (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.08–5.95), inadequate (OR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.74–9.62) or excessive (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10–2.29) gestational weight gain, and grandparental caregiving (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32–2.46) were independent risk factors.
• Higher paternal education (postgraduate or above; OR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.56) and annual household income > 300,000 CNY (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.80) were protective factors.

Interpretation:

Cognitive developmental risk at 12 months is associated with multiple perinatal, familial, and caregiving-related factors.

Conclusion:

A comprehensive assessment of potentially modifiable factors may help identify infants at increased developmental risk.

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