Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as immunomodulatory agents: targeting pathological crosstalk in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) share overlapping immunopathological features despite being distinct autoimmune diseases.
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Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) can modulate immune responses and deliver bioactive cargo, enhancing intercellular communication.
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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown potential in preclinical studies to alleviate immune dysregulation in SLE and neuroinflammation in MS.
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The review identifies the miR-146a-5p/miR-21-5p/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) axis as a key regulatory mechanism shared by both diseases.
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Leveraging MSC-EVs as cell-free therapeutic agents may provide a novel approach to address the shared immune dysfunction in SLE and MS.

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