Seasonal variation and extreme cold exposure in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction - Takeaways - MDSpire
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Seasonal Patterns and Severe Cold Exposure in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

  • By

  • Henning Johann Steffen

  • Michael Behnes

  • Daniel Duerschmied

  • Ibrahim Akin

  • Tobias Schupp

  • October 13, 2026

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  • 1

    This retrospective study analyzed 2184 patients hospitalized with HFmrEF at a German center from 2016 through 2022.

  • 2

    Admissions were distributed similarly across seasons, and patient characteristics and discharge HF pharmacotherapy were generally balanced.

  • 3

    Season of admission was not associated with 30-day all-cause mortality; 92 patients (4.2%) died within 30 days.

  • 4

    Admission during extreme cold (≤0.8 °C) was associated with higher adjusted 30-day mortality (HR, 2.012; 95% CI, 1.003-4.033).

  • 5

    Extreme cold based on the preceding 3-day mean was also associated with mortality, whereas extreme heat and large day-to-day temperature fluctuations were not.

Original Source(s)

Seasonal variation and extreme cold exposure in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction

  • by Henning Johann Steffen, Michael Behnes, Daniel Duerschmied, Ibrahim Akin, Tobias Schupp

  • October 13, 2026

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