A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Classifying Oral Cancer and Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders Using Visible-Light Imaging

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Oral cancer is the 16th most prevalent cancer globally, with 389,846 cases reported, highlighting significant morbidity and mortality.
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Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) include conditions like oral leukoplakia, which can progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Histopathological biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing oral lesions, yet it only samples a limited anatomical region.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise in classifying oral lesions, with machine learning and deep learning techniques being explored.
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This review focuses on visible-light intraoral clinical photography for AI applications in oral cancer detection and classification.

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