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This scoping review examines multimodal artificial intelligence applications in diabetes care, including clinical uses, methods, performance comparisons, and implementation barriers.
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Multimodal artificial intelligence integrates data such as medical images, electronic health records, and sensor time series using modality-specific encoders and fusion strategies.
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The review searched six international and Chinese databases from inception through November 4, 2025, and included English- or Chinese-language publications.
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The review followed PRISMA-ScR, had an OSF-registered protocol, and reported high inter-reviewer agreement for study selection (Cohen’s κ = 0.94).
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Included studies were assessed with PROBAST+AI across participant and data source, predictor, outcome, and analysis domains.
