Innate immune recognition and immunomodulatory effects of bacteriophages: implications for phage therapy

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Bacteriophages exhibit bacteriolytic properties and are being reconsidered as a treatment for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Phages interact with the host immune system, modulating innate immune responses through pattern recognition receptors.
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Phage-induced immunomodulation can enhance bacterial clearance and tissue repair, but may also impair antibacterial immunity.
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Understanding phage-immune interactions is crucial for optimizing phage therapy and developing tailored combination treatments.
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Phage genomes are recognized by host pattern recognition receptors, triggering inflammatory and antiviral signaling pathways.

Frontiers In Immunology

by Tomoko Hanawa, Mayuko Tanaka, Debora Satie Nagano, Ken Shirato, Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii, Takeaki Matsuda
June 11, 2026

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