The association between atopic dermatitis and rosacea: a comprehensive review from comorbidities to pathogenic mechanisms

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Atopic dermatitis and rosacea are increasingly recognized for their clinical and immunological overlaps despite being traditionally viewed as distinct conditions.
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Both conditions share common upstream innate immune activation mechanisms, including TLR2/TLR4 signaling and mast cell degranulation.
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Atopic dermatitis is characterized by Th2/ILC2 dominance, while rosacea is associated with Th1/Th17 involvement and LL-37 overproduction.
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Dupilumab treatment in atopic dermatitis can lead to rosacea-like dermatitis, suggesting competition between the immune polarization states.
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Future research should utilize multi-omics approaches to clarify the causal pathways and optimize therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

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