Host–microbial co-metabolites: from biogenesis to immunomodulation and implications for health and disease - Takeaways - MDSpire
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Co-metabolites from Host and Microbiota: Their Formation, Role in Immune Modulation, and Impact on Health and Disease

  • By

  • Ying Wang

  • Liangliang Zhao

  • Ying Zou

  • Lili Nie

  • July 3, 2026

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  • 1

    Host–microbial co-metabolites are bioactive molecules formed through enzymatic transformations by gut microbiota and host tissues.

  • 2

    Dysregulation of co-metabolites contributes to chronic inflammation and is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular and kidney diseases.

  • 3

    Co-metabolites require biochemical collaboration between microbial and host enzymes, distinguishing them from microbial-only or host-only metabolites.

  • 4

    Indoxyl sulfate is a co-metabolite formed from tryptophan, impacting health through oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways.

  • 5

    Bile acids are significant co-metabolites, synthesized by the liver and modified by gut bacteria, playing a role in metabolic regulation.

Original Source(s)

Host–microbial co-metabolites: from biogenesis to immunomodulation and implications for health and disease

  • by Ying Wang, Liangliang Zhao, Ying Zou, Lili Nie

  • July 3, 2026

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