Host–microbial co-metabolites: from biogenesis to immunomodulation and implications for health and disease

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Host–microbial co-metabolites are bioactive molecules formed through enzymatic transformations by gut microbiota and host tissues.
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Dysregulation of co-metabolites contributes to chronic inflammation and is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Co-metabolites require biochemical collaboration between microbial and host enzymes, distinguishing them from microbial-only or host-only metabolites.
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Indoxyl sulfate is a co-metabolite formed from tryptophan, impacting health through oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways.
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Bile acids are significant co-metabolites, synthesized by the liver and modified by gut bacteria, playing a role in metabolic regulation.

Frontiers In Immunology

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