Molecular characteristics and advances in precision therapeutics for HR-positive and HER2-low breast cancer

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HR-positive HER2-low-expressing breast cancer accounts for nearly 60% of breast cancer cases, refining the traditional HER2 classification system.
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This subtype is characterized by the dominance of the estrogen receptor pathway and low HER2 expression signals.
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Diagnosis involves immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, with advancements in digital pathology and liquid biopsy technologies.
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Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment, with CDK4/6 inhibitors as standard for advanced cases and antibody-drug conjugates improving prognosis.
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Future research is needed to explore new biomarkers and optimize combination therapy strategies for improved patient outcomes.

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