Case Report: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder mimicking Baló’s concentric sclerosis

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Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) arises in transplant recipients due to immunosuppression and can affect multiple organs.
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A 37-year-old female with a kidney transplant presented with symptoms and MRI findings initially suggestive of Baló’s concentric sclerosis.
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Pathological biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of monomorphic Primary Central Nervous System PTLD, despite initial misdiagnosis.
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The patient was treated with immunosuppression reduction and rituximab plus lenalidomide, resulting in partial remission.
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Both PTLD and Baló’s concentric sclerosis can improve with corticosteroid therapy, complicating their differential diagnosis.

Frontiers In Oncology

by Xiaofeng Xiong, Ting Zhang, Yu Li, Hongtao Jin, Xintao Lei, Yanzhen Jiang, Qiaoying Huang, Qianhui Xu, Ying Huang
June 8, 2026

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