Integrated perspectives on colorectal carcinogenesis: molecular pathogenesis, genomic alterations, diagnostic paradigms, therapeutic interventions and AI–driven directions in precision oncology

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, with rising incidence among younger populations and in developing nations.
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Key molecular pathways in CRC include chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), influencing tumor heterogeneity.
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Risk factors for CRC encompass lifestyle choices, genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammatory conditions, significantly impacting disease development.
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Advancements in non-invasive diagnostics, such as fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), enhance early detection and screening compliance for CRC.
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Precision oncology approaches integrating molecular profiling and artificial intelligence are transforming CRC treatment strategies and improving clinical outcomes.

Frontiers In Oncology

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