Reprogramming adoptive cell therapy for osteosarcoma: engineering, vaccination, and tumor microenvironment remodeling

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Osteosarcoma presents significant treatment challenges, particularly in recurrent and metastatic cases, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) shows promise for osteosarcoma but faces limitations such as antigen heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Engineering strategies like multi-antigen recognition and checkpoint-resistant designs aim to enhance the precision and durability of ACT.
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Vaccination approaches can amplify ACT by promoting immune memory and local inflammatory responses, improving overall treatment efficacy.
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Remodeling the tumor microenvironment through various interventions may create a more favorable niche for effective cellular therapy in osteosarcoma.

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