Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the Upper Eyelid Among Postmenopausal Women with Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

1

Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) predominantly affects postmenopausal women, with a female-to-male incidence ratio of up to 3:1.
2

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a significant factor in evaporative dry eye disease, particularly in postmenopausal individuals.
3

Patients with lacrimal duct obstruction may experience dry eye symptoms even after successful surgical intervention.
4

This study investigates the involvement of meibomian glands in the upper and lower eyelids among postmenopausal women with PANDO.
5

Understanding the relationship between meibomian gland parameters and tear film function may inform targeted therapeutic strategies for PANDO.

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