Microscopic messengers: roles and prospects of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B and C

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections.
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EVs can carry viral nucleic acids, proteins, and regulatory non-coding RNAs, influencing viral dissemination and immune regulation.
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EV-associated cargos can modulate antiviral immunity, affecting interferon signaling and T-cell exhaustion, promoting viral persistence.
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EVs contribute to liver disease progression by regulating hepatic stellate cell activation and inflammatory signaling.
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EV-derived RNAs and proteins have potential as noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HBV and HCV infections.

Frontiers In Immunology

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