Testicular macrophages: core immune regulators and emerging therapeutic targets in spermatogenic dysfunction

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Spermatogenic dysfunction is a leading cause of male infertility, primarily including non-obstructive azoospermia and abnormalities in sperm count or quality.
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Testicular macrophages are crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and supporting spermatogenesis in the immune-privileged testis.
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During spermatogenic dysfunction, testicular macrophages undergo significant alterations, contributing to chronic inflammation and disruption of the spermatogenic microenvironment.
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Recent advancements in reproductive immunology and single-cell RNA sequencing have enhanced understanding of testicular macrophages in spermatogenic dysfunction.
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The review discusses the origins, functional heterogeneity of testicular macrophages, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting these cells for spermatogenic disorders.

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